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CatX, a digital catastrophe and parametric risk exchange start-up, has announced an important hire for the company, bringing onboard experienced London-based reinsurance and retrocession broker Jon Wood to become the firm’s first Head of Origination.

CatX’s ambition is to provide a flow of risks to insurance-linked securities (ILS) investors through its digital platform.

Wood’s experience in the industry-loss warranty (ILW) space could prove beneficial here, with this being likely the main structure a platform can quickly gain traction in, given its relative lack of complexity compared to indemnity structures.

The company said, “This strategic hire underscores CatX’s commitment to broadening its market reach ahead of the upcoming January renewals, as the company targets a significant increase in transaction volume particularly in parametric, Industry Loss Warranties (ILW), and specialty reinsurance.”

Wood most recently served on the Retrocession leadership team at Aon’s Reinsurance Solutions.

At Aon, Wood helped shape and execute the broker’s global strategy, driving high-value transactions across the international reinsurance market.

Before his time at Aon, Wood held senior positions at leading reinsurance brokers Willis Re and Guy Carpenter.

Given his retrocession focus at his most recent permanent role at Aon, Wood has experience placing risks into both traditional reinsurance markets and alternative capital markets, or insurance-linked securities (ILS).

Since leaving Aon in September 2023, Wood has been consulting to European reinsurer VIG Re on retrocession and reinsurance.

Benedict Altier, Co-Founder and CEO of CatX, said on the hire, “We are thrilled to welcome Jon to the CatX team. His appointment comes at a pivotal moment, as interest from new capital sources for opportunities in the insurance space continues to grow. Jon’s leadership will be key in driving our strategy and helping us to better connect risk with new capital.”

Jon Wood, newly appointed Head of Origination, added, “CatX has created a unique digital platform to efficiently connect high-quality capital with leading (re)insurance risk. I am excited to be part of the team as we make insurance a frictionless, straightforward, and accessible asset class for investors while delivering pricing and process efficiency to brokers and insurers accessing new sources of capital.”

Lucas Schneider, Co-Founder and CTO of CatX, also said, “With over 20 years in the industry, Jon will help us to secure attractive opportunities for our funds and accelerate the flow of alternative capital into insurance. We aim to provide access not only to innovative technology, such as our AI-powered tool Catamaran, but also to leading experts in structuring and executing insurance transactions. This powerful combination allows us to deliver exceptional outcomes for investors while ensuring comprehensive risk protection.”

At CatX, Wood will be tasked with supporting reinsurance, retrocession, and global corporate broking teams to make best use of the capital available through the CatX platform, creating opportunities that align investor interests with the risk management needs of insurers and corporates.

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Aon’s segregated accounts company White Rock Insurance (SAC) Ltd. has filed a lawsuit in New York against China Construction Bank, alleging an “inside man” at the bank had represented that letters of credit (LOC) involved in the Vesttoo fraud were authentic, and claiming a minimum $140 million in damages from the bank for the losses suffered, Artemis has learned.

It’s the latest twist in the now long-running Vesttoo fraud saga and seemingly reflects Aon’s desire to be compensated, and secure compensation for its clients, for some of the financial impacts the broker and its business partners have suffered from the fall-out of the global reinsurance fraud scheme.

White Rock Insurance (SAC) Ltd., represented by Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, has filed the lawsuit acting in respect of itself and Segregated Accounts T-94, T-95, T-96, T-100, T-102, T-103, T-107, T-108, T-111, T-113, T-122, T-125, T-126, and T-127, court documents seen by Artemis show.

A White Rock spokesperson stated, “White Rock’s lawsuit against China Construction Bank is another step in our efforts to maximize recoveries for clients impacted by the Vesttoo fraud. China Construction Bank’s direct role in the issuance of fraudulent letters of credit enabled the fraud and the bank should be held accountable for the harm it has caused.”

The case “arises from a global, multi-billion-dollar fraudulent scheme to defraud insurance companies engaging in reinsurance transactions,” the complaint states.

Going on to explain that the cedents involved and affected by Vesttoo’s fraud had used White Rock Bermuda to transform assets into insurance or reinsurance with a licensed Bermuda-based insurance company.

The complaint states, “Vesttoo’s entire apparatus was premised on the Cedents’ confidence that the reinsurance transactions were fully collateralized by rock-solid letters of credit (“LOCs”) that Vesttoo procured from leading international banks.

“Based on those representations, the Cedents transferred to Vesttoo at least $140 million in premiums, paid into designated segregated accounts established under White Rock Bermuda’s corporate structure (the “Cells” and, together with White Rock Bermuda, “White Rock”). But in July 2023, it came to light that the issuing banks refused to honor the LOCs.

“Vesttoo turned out to be a total sham, sustained by over $3 billion of useless collateral.”

Adding that, “Vesttoo did not act alone. A recently-founded, small startup, Vesttoo had neither the credibility nor the track record required to engage in large-scale reinsurance transactions with the world’s leading insurance companies. Vesttoo’s key to this market was LOCs apparently issued by some of the world’s largest and most reputable banks, which purported to fully collateralize the reinsurance transactions. Those LOCs gave Vesttoo credibility and provided third parties with confidence that the transactions were safe and compliant with applicable Bermuda law. Without the LOCs, the parties involved—White Rock included—would have never engaged with Vesttoo.”

As we’ve reported before, China Construction Bank had been named as the issuing institution for a significant amount of the fraudulent letters of credit (LOC) from the Vesttoo case.

Of the billions of dollars in letters of credit (LOC) that should have supported the reinsurance deals involved, most were found to be forged or invalid and the majority of those were said to have come from China Construction Bank.

In total, almost $3.36 billion of standby letters of credit (LOC) are presumed to have been fraudulently created under the Vesttoo scheme and of that amount, figures Artemis had seen towards the end of 2023 suggested that $2.81 billion of these were linked to China Construction Bank, with $362.5m purportedly linked to Standard Chartered Bank and $186m to Santander.

Emails that came to light during Vesttoo’s bankruptcy case show a China Construction Bank (CCB) employee, Chun-Yin Lam, used an official bank email address to communicate with some of the Vesttoo employees accused of perpetrating the fraud

CCB employee Lam had also identified the Chinese investor implicated in the fraud, Yu Po Holdings, as a client of the bank. Remember Yu Po Holdings was the name of the supposed primary investor in reinsurance transactions involving fraudulent LOCs issued by CCB, although questions remain over whether Yu Po actually exists as an investor, or was merely a shell used for the fraud, with most saying the latter is the more likely.

The complaint from Aon’s White Rock states, “LOCs issued by or out of CCB represented more than $2.8 billion of collateral CCB now refuses to honor. It was not that Vesttoo simply used CCB’s logo on a forged document and White Rock took its word for it. Rather, an inside man at CCB—an actual CCB banker acting for CCB as a Relationship Manager—represented to White Rock, its auditors, and other market participants that the LOCs were authentic.”

Adding, “By giving Mr. Lam access to its email domain, offices, and telephone system (and then breaching its duty to supervise him), CCB bestowed its full faith and credit on Mr. Lam. By so doing, CCB caused White Rock and others to justifiably rely on Mr. Lam’s representations to their detriment.”

Interestingly, White Rock’s legal complaint also states that, “Tellingly, according to official government records, Mr. Lam’s tenure with CCB closely tracked the fraud, and he ceased to be a licensed professional affiliated with CCB in July 2023—the exact same time the Vesttoo fraud was revealed.”

Going on to note that In recent court filings in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (“S.D.N.Y.”), CCB does not deny that Mr. Lam was, in fact, a bank employee during the relevant time. And tellingly still, CCB’s Chief Risk Officer stepped down and resigned around the exact same time.”

The complaint against China Construction Bank also states that “CCB was the lifeline for the Vesttoo fraud. Without CCB, the Vesttoo fraud could not have occurred: none of the Vesttoo reinsurance transactions would have closed or survived had Mr. Lam not transmitted and confirmed the LOCs using an official CCB email account and CCB’s arm in New York—CCBNY. Mr. Lam’s acts were committed entirely under the auspices of CCB, and CCB is directly and vicariously liable for them. CCB harbored a fraudster, gave him access to a CCB email address, office, and telephone number, and then failed to deter, prevent, and detect a massive fraud committed through those channels. On multiple occasions, White Rock, its auditors, and other market participants sought to verify the LOCs, and were satisfied when an unambiguous verification came from within CCB. White Rock thus reasonably and justifiably relied on Mr. Lam’s representations made on behalf of CCB.”

Because of the fraud and the representations made that resulted in the fraudulent letters of credit (LOC) being trusted as collateral, cedents and White Rock suffered “at least hundreds of millions of dollars in damages, including the lost premium amounts, incurred claim amounts, and legal fees,” the court filing also states.

Also stating, “The Cedents and White Rock incurred astronomical losses and expenses, and White Rock was placed under regulatory supervision (from which it has now emerged). But for CCB and Mr. Lam, White Rock would have never continued to do business with Vesttoo, and would have recognized Vesttoo as a sham. CCB sustained the Vesttoo fraud from inception and is liable for Mr. Lam’s inside job, which it negligently failed to prevent and detect. White Rock therefore brings this action for fraud, fraudulent misrepresentation, fraudulent concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and negligence against CCB. CCB’s acts and omissions should not go unpunished and, accordingly, White Rock Bermuda and the Cells seek damages which include, but are not limited to, the lost premium amounts paid by Cedents into the Cells totaling at least $140 million, White Rock’s legal fees, and all associated costs and damages.”

White Rock gives a number of causes of the legal action against CCB, including fraud, fraudulent misrepresentation, fraudulent concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and negligence.

Going on to say that for each and all of these claims, it seeks damages to be determined at trial but in no case less than the $140 million already mentioned, as well as costs, interest, fees incurred and any further relief the New York Supreme Court deems appropriate.

As we’ve reported before, this is not the first legal action China Construction Bank is facing over the Vesttoo reinsurance collateral fraud.

Porch Group’s Homeowners of America Insurance Company (HOA) had first filed a law suit in New York against China Construction Bank Corporation over the Vesttoo reinsurance collateral fraud.

We then more recently learned that program services and fronting specialist Incline P&C Group also has an open lawsuit against China Construction Bank in the same district court, over the Vesttoo reinsurance collateral fraud.

Now, Aon, through its subsidiary White Rock, has launched this legal action against the bank, raising the pressure on it over the reinsurance fraud scandal.

It’s not a surprising turn of events, but shows again the desire of those affected by the fraud to be compensated for the significant costs they have suffered as a result of the Vesttoo executives’ fraudulent actions and Aon’s desire to see itself and clients properly compensated for the damages experienced.

Read all of our coverage of the alleged fraudulent or forged letter-of-credit (LOC) collateral linked to Vesttoo deals.

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The global natural catastrophe protection gap widened again in 2023, rising 5.2% to US $385 billion in premium equivalent terms, but at the same time Swiss Re reports that there are signs of more protection being available, which over time should see more losses covered by insurance and reinsurance.

Swiss Re’s Institute sigma research team said that the firm’s measure for the global natural catastrophe insurance protection gap widened due to economic growth and inflation last year.

Positively though, “Global protection available increased by 10.1% yoy in 2023, greater than the 6.3% yoy rise in protection needed, resulting in improved resilience, an encouraging underlying trend in risk protection,” the reinsurance company explained.

Adding that, “These growth rates indicate that although there are more, or more expensive, assets to protect, an increasing share of them are covered by insurance.

“This is a positive trend for global resilience if it continues in the long term.”

According to Swiss Re’s analysis, global insurance resilience was stable at 58% in 2023, helped by gains in mortality resilience due to higher life insurance take-up, and in emerging markets’ health resilience as well.

Overall though, the global protection gap across insurance perils reached a new high of US $1.83 trillion in premium equivalent terms in 2023, up by 3.1% in nominal terms from a restated US $1.77 trillion for 2022.

The global protection gap has expanded by 3.6% annually in nominal terms since 2013, Swiss Re said, which roughly matches nominal GDP growth trends.

Natural catastrophe resilience, a measure of how much in economic losses was covered by insurance and reinsurance, rose to 25.7% in 2023.

But Swiss Re noted that a key driver of this was the fact 2023 saw a high proportion of severe convective storm losses, especially in the US, which is a peril and region that is relatively more insured than others.

“The past 10 years have seen improvement in global natural catastrophe insurance resilience. However, the key driver has been a strong rise in advanced markets resilience, which increased to above 38% in 2023 from around 35% in 2013. In emerging markets, resilience is typically still extremely low, and regions are almost entirely unprotected from natural catastrophe risk,” Swiss Re’s sigma team explained.

There is a significant dispersion in how resilient and protected by insurance countries are from natural catastrophe events, with some countries such as France, Denmark and the UK indexing above 80% resilient, but the United States down at 39%, and other countries as low as 5%.

Demonstrating the continued opportunity to deliver more catastrophe risk capital to support the needs of country’s with high protection gaps, the United States had a significant US $119.8 billion nat cat protection gap in 2023, while China had US $59.8 billion of the global total, Japan US $29.6 billion and the Philippines US $19.1 billion.

Swiss Re noted that global crop resilience is an area of opportunity for the insurance and reinsurance market, with a need to strengthen it further and re/insurance able to play a role.

In addition, the research suggests a growing role for innovative risk transfer arrangements such as those using parametric triggers to help in driving global crop protection higher.

While at the same time, more crop reinsurance coverage is also needed to support expansion of programs and to cover more critical global crop production.

On a more cautionary note, Swiss Re also highlighted that rising natural catastrophe and weather insurance losses are driving prices higher, which can have the effect of widening the protection gap further still.

“So far there has been little evidence that a lack of affordability of property catastrophe insurance is jeopardising resilience gains, but it is yet to be seen if this remains so in the future,” the reinsurer said.

Which speaks to the need for more efficient catastrophe risk capital to help in provision of the reinsurance needed to support primary insurers as they adapt to the nat cat reality we see today.

So, while there may be signs that more protection is available today and that is positive for the future, it appears more capital and capacity, as well as use of innovative risk transfer structures, may be required to meaningfully narrow these gaps.

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Italian and global insurance giant Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. has revised its framework for green catastrophe bonds to incorporate updates and expand its scope, now publishing a Green, Social and Sustainability Insurance-linked Securities Framework in its place.

Generali was early to recognise the potential for insurance and reinsurance linked investments to have green, or environmental, social and governance (ESG) credentials.

Because of the insurers focus on this, Generali launched its own framework for Green insurance-linked securities (ILS) back in 2020.

That framework defined how Generali could use the freed-up capital benefit achieved through its sponsorship of an ILS or catastrophe bond transaction for Green asset investments.

At its core, that meant an amount equivalent to the capital relief benefit achieved through issuance of a Green ILS or cat bond transaction could be exclusively used to allocate capital to, or refinance, green initiatives, projects or assets, under Generali’s framework.

The insurer sponsored its first green catastrophe bond issuance in 2021, the €200 million Lion III Re DAC transaction.

Those €200 million of cat bond notes provided Generali with reinsurance protection against certain losses from European windstorms and Italian earthquakes across a multi-year term.

As we later reported, Generali said that, in the case of the Lion III Re catastrophe bond, it freed up €28.1 million of capital for the insurer, under regulatory capital relief calculated on the basis of its Solvency Capital Requirement at the inception of the cat bond risk period.

That freed up capital was allocated to a sustainable investment deemed to make a positive environmental impact, in this specific case it refinancing a green asset that Generali already had interest in, the Tour Saint-Gobain in Paris, a building project that asset management unit Generali Real Estate was behind, and that on completion achieved the highest marks possible for four international environmental certifications.

It was found that the €28.1 million of capital, freed up due to the issuance of the Lion III Re catastrophe bond, had served to avoid 35.1 tCO2e of greenhouse gas emissions, after an audited impact evaluation undertaken by a third-party specialist.

Now, Generali has revisited the green ILS framework and updated it to become the Generali Green, Social and Sustainability Insurance-linked Securities Framework.

The insurer said that the company “recognises the crucial role the financial industry must play in the transition to a low carbon economy and strives to have an active role in the further development of a sustainable financial market.”

To enhance its ability to address environmental and sustainability issues, where Generali can affect positive change, the new framework has been developed under which the insurer can issue sustainable ILS instruments.

The company further explained, “This Green, Social and Sustainability ILS Framework represents Generali’s latest efforts to align its program with best practice, promote SRI principles, and enhance its ability to support stakeholders in realising their green and social objectives. We see the issuance of Green, Social and Sustainability (‘GSS’) labelled ILS as an effective tool to make a positive contribution to the climate and/or the society, while achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations (‘UN SDGs’).

“Through GSS ILS, we aim to further diversify our investor base, focusing on socially responsible and highly dedicated sustainable investors and by strengthening the relationship with the existing investor base.”

As the company has taken important steps to enhance its green strategy since the publication of the first Green ILS Framework, Generali says it has now expanded it further, launching the new framework to align with its Green, Social and Sustainability Bond Framework that was published in December 2023.

Now, under the new Green, Social and Sustainability ILS Framework, Generali can categorise different types of sustainable ILS, including:

• Green ILS, to finance and/or refinance Eligible Green Assets.
• Social ILS, to finance and/or refinance Eligible Social Assets.
• Sustainability ILS, to finance and/or refinance a mix of Eligible Green Assets and Eligible Social Assets.

So as to maximise the impact of the new framework and its contribution to a sustainable financial market, Generali said that it is designed “to reflect the structure of an ILS transaction, which allows the allocation funds to Green, Social and Sustainability initiatives following two different approaches.”

This is, through the use of the freed-up capital benefit, as in the previous case with Lion III Re, and also by use of the proceeds segregated in the SPV in a portfolio of Green and Social investments.

By expanding the scope of its framework for green, social and sustainable cat bonds and ILS, Generali is also aligning with the needs of many investors, that continue to have a strong focus on ESG appropriate assets.

Generali has commissioned Sustainalytics to conduct an external review of the new Green, Social and Sustainability ILS Framework.

Giving its opinion, that company explained, “Sustainalytics is of the opinion that the Generali Green, Social and Sustainability Insurance-linked Securities Framework is credible, impactful and will deliver overall positive environmental and social impacts. Sustainalytics is further of the opinion that the principles of impact and transparency that underlie the responsible investment industry, as well as many of its norms and standards, are applicable to the green, social and sustainable insurance-linked securities (ILS) instruments to be issued under the Framework.

“Sustainalytics is of the opinion that the Generali Green, Social and Sustainability Insurance-linked Securities Framework is impactful, transparent and in alignment with core market expectations.”

Generali’s first green catastrophe bond, the Lion III Re DAC transaction, remains in-force through to June 2025.

With this new framework in place, it will be interesting to see what green, social or sustainability features the insurer incorporates into its next cat bond deal.

Read our stories about ESG investment in catastrophe bonds and insurance-linked securities (ILS).

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In a string of research reports, the World Bank Group and European Commission call on governments across Europe to utilise more in the way of disaster risk transfer and insurance to reduce the pressure from weather and natural perils on budgets, including the use of catastrophe bonds to access capital market investors for reinsurance risk capital.

The conclusion of the research is that European countries are retaining far too much of their natural catastrophe risk exposure, with the lions share of the costs continuing to be dealt with by government and European budgets, while too little is transferred to insurance, reinsurance and institutional investor markets.

The World Bank and EC reports state that the continent “needs smart investments to strengthen disaster resilience, adaptation and finance response to disaster and climate risks.”

With Europe seen as warming faster than any other continent, the pair say it is “highly vulnerable to the increasing risks associated with climate change.”

“2023 was the hottest year on record with disasters across Europe costing more than €77 billion. Projected costs of inaction in a high warming scenario could reach 7 percent of EU GDP,” they explain.

“Disasters are devasting for everyone, but can disproportionately impact Europe’s most vulnerable communities, increasing poverty and inequality,” Sameh Wahba, a Director at the World Bank said. “Without adequate systems, these events can erode development gains. There is still time for European countries to take actions that will protect people’s lives, infrastructure, and public finances from disaster and climate change impacts, though there is a narrowing window of opportunity to take action.”

Investment in resilience is a significant focus of the work, with many critical sectors of the European economy seen as exposed to multiple natural hazards.

“Investments in prevention and preparedness are urgently needed at all levels, starting with critical sectors that provide emergency response services,” Hanna Jahns, Director of the European Commission Humanitarian Aid & Civil Protection unit said. “The needs are significant and the pressure on the EU and government budgets is high. Going forward we need to invest in a smart way, prioritizing the investments with the highest resilience “dividends.””

They urge the use of risk and climate change data and analytics, to help in prioritising actions and to select the most impactful prevention, preparedness, and adaptation investments.

In Europe, climate change adaptation costs up to the 2030s are thought likely to be in the range of €15 billion to €64 billion annually, underscoring the significant investment required.

“There is a significant gap in adaptation financing in Europe,” explained Elina Bardram, Director, Directorate-General for Climate Action. “Closing it requires a major scale-up of public, private, and blended finance. Investment planning and financial strategies are not yet adequately informed by an understanding of the costs of climate change adaptation at national and EU levels. This needs to change.”

Where the reports become most relevant for our readers is around financial resilience.

The World Bank and European Commission reports state that, “too much of the disaster and climate risk is managed through budgetary instruments at the EU level and by EU Member States, with gaps concerning pre-arranged funds and the use of risk transfer mechanisms, such as risk insurance. ”

In seeking to maximise societal benefits from investments made, the use of risk transfer alongside this to cushion the costs of climate and natural disasters are seen as key.

Public finances are in some cases being stretched by multiple natural disasters each year, so upfront risk financing and transfer can help to lessen the burden on the budgets of European countries and their populations.

The reports identify funding gaps for major disasters and note that should countries face multiple major events in a year, the impact could drain funding at the EU level (as well as countries specifically).

As a result, the reports state that, “Countries in Europe need to enhance their financial resilience through better data utilization and innovative financial instruments, including risk transfer to the private sector.”

Here, catastrophe bonds are highlighted throughout the reports, as tools that can aid in preparing for financial impacts and enhancing the ability for Europe to fund the response to disasters.

The capital market is seen as one source of risk transfer that Europe should consider.

“At present there are no risk transfer products at the EU level or in the case study countries, and consideration should be given to their incorporation in future DRF strategies,” the report explains.

Citing the use of catastrophe bonds by US utilities for wildfire risk, the reports suggest a potential role in Europe.

“CAT bonds as a risk transfer mechanism are less common in the EU and should be further explored once risk models are available to see if this could provide a cost-effective option to manage the risk of wildfires,” one of the reports says.

Both index and parametric insurance techniques are also suggested as applicable to the disaster funding gaps faced in Europe, as these can help to make for responsive risk transfer tools, that can help in financing recovery quickly after disasters occur.

The European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) is seen as a financial structure already in existence that could be supported better by risk transfer.

One of the reports states, “The existing EU level instruments take time to disburse, which may delay emergency response. Due consideration should be given to the introduction of a EU level instrument to provide a top-up to national governments to help them finance emergency response. Such an instrument could be embedded within the European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF).”

Disaster risk financing and transfer tools and techniques can help European countries and budgets reduce their liabilities after disaster strikes, including through responsive techniques and by tapping the capital markets.

The report continues, “A parametric risk transfer instrument — e.g., a catastrophe bond — could be introduced to secure private capital when needed. This approach would recognize the significant opportunity cost of holding reserves at the EU level and instead structure an additional instrument to release finance into the EUSF when severe events occur.”

The report uses the example set by Mexico, in its use of private insurance, reinsurance and capital markets through its catastrophe bonds, as setting an example that Europe can draw from.

The World Bank sees Mexico as “setting the standard” for disaster risk management through its use of financial instruments such as cat bonds.

The reports go into much more detail around how Europe can put in place safety nets, both for its budgets and for its populations, while making the best use of modern financing techniques, risk transfer tools and the appetites of private and capital markets.

It’s encouraging to see the discussion on Europe continuing, as in the last year we’ve also seen the European Central Bank (ECB) alongside a macro-prudential oversight body it operates, the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), calling for greater use of catastrophe bonds to address the insurance protection gap and mitigate catastrophe risks from climate change in the European Union.

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Banque Bonhôte & Cie, a Swiss private bank, investment firm and wealth manager, has announced the launch of a new environmental, social and governance (ESG) focused fund strategy that will incorporate catastrophe bonds as one of its allocations.

Pierre-François Donzé, Head of Asset Management at Banque Bonhôte, said that, “Our approach and the integration of ESG criteria, is based on a quantitative allocation methodology to identify appropriate investment opportunities in the entire spectrum of the fixed income bond universe.”

The newly launched Bonhôte Selection Global Bonds ESG fund strategy does not follow a benchmark, instead leveraging quantitative methods to identify assets to invest in from the fixed income universe, based on indicators that define the attractiveness of one type of bond, over another.

These can range from the majority of the global fixed income universe, including sovereign bonds, investment-grade and high-yield corporate bonds.

But in addition catastrophe bonds are a specific asset class that will be targeted for this ESG focused investment fund strategy, the private bank explained.

The private bank notes that, catastrophe bonds, “Offer an advantageous risk/reward and provide useful diversification through a performance that is largely uncorrelated with conventional financial markets.”

Explaining that, “CAT bonds, which are part of the insurance-linked securities (ILS) category, are used by insurers and reinsurers to transfer the risks of predefined events to investors.”

The strategy has been optimised for investors whose reference currency is the Swiss franc and takes into account the cost of currency hedging as well.

The use of ESG criteria to identify opportunities is “a fundamental part of our investment strategy,” Banque Bonhôte & Cie said.

“The fund promotes environmental or social features, or a mix of the two, by investing in the vehicles and securities of issuers with an ESG profile above the median of their peers. Many controversial business activities and sectors are automatically excluded,” the company further explained.

Catastrophe bonds can be up to a maximum of 20% of the ESG investment fund strategy

Julien Stähli, Director of Investments, stated “This new fund gives pride of place to ESG criteria and marks a further step in our long-standing commitment to responsible investment and quantitative approaches.”

Donzé also said the approach taken, “Makes it possible to add value compared to strategies limited to a single market segment. The indicators used estimate the relative attractiveness of the various segments of the bond market on a historical basis.”

He also said that the Global Bonds ESG fund portfolio will be “dynamically rebalanced” when the indicators used suggest this is necessary.

It’s clear that Banque Bonhôte & Cie recognises the investment qualities of catastrophe bonds and the diversifying benefits they can deliver to portfolios, as well as the inherent ESG qualities given their role in the provision of critical disaster risk financing to support the global insurance and reinsurance industry.

As we previously reported, Banque Bonhôte & Cie had said before that catastrophe bonds, as an asset class, exhibits the rare property of price moves that are independent of broader financial markets and so can be considered “the only true source of diversification.”

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Tokio Marine Holdings, Inc., through its subsidiary Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co. Ltd., has become the first Japanese insurer to make use of a SOFR-based World Bank Sustainable Development Bond as a permitted investment within its latest catastrophe bond issuance, the company highlighted today.

As Artemis has been reporting, Tokio Marine has been in the market since February and has now secured its targeted $100 million Kizuna Re III Pte. Ltd. (Series 2024-1) catastrophe bond recently, with the reinsurance coverage from the transaction priced at the low-end of initial guidance.

Now, the Japanese insurer has highlighted its use of the proceeds of the catastrophe bond issuance to purchase a sustainable development bond, saying that using this “as collateral for the Kizuna Re III cat bond is supporting the achievement of sustainable development goals and contributing to the realization of a sustainable society.”

Use of proceeds of cat bond issues to invest into financing for sustainable development helps sponsors align their catastrophe bond issues with their own environmental, social and governance (ESG) agendas, while also making the investment more appealing to investors with an ESG focus or mandate.

Tokio Marine used the proceeds of the Kizuna Re III 2024-1 catastrophe bond, that provides it with earthquake reinsurance and was issued out of Singapore, to purchase a SOFR-based Sustainable Development Bond issued by the World Bank Group’s International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).

The company said that, through its sustainability strategy, it aims to “solve social issues through business activities and contribute to the realizations of a sustainable society” as a medium- to long-term growth engine and is accelerating its efforts to take climate action, improve disaster resilience, and protect the natural environment.”

The company said that, as part of its goal to improve disaster resilience in what is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, Tokio Marine has been a regular user of catastrophe bonds, alongside purchasing traditional reinsurance capacity.

“As a part of these strategies, besides sponsoring the issuance of the Kizuna Re III cat bond, TMNF has elected to invest the proceeds from the sale of the Kizuna Re III cat bond in a SDB issued by IBRD (rather than money-market funds), which is the first example of a Japanese insurer doing so since IBRD notes transitioned from LIBOR to SOFR,” the company explained.

Adding that, “The principal amount of this catastrophe bond raised from qualified institutional investors will be invested in a SDB issued by IBRD under its Global Debt Issuance Facility. The net proceeds of the SDB will be used by IBRD to fund projects, programs, and activities in IBRD’s member countries designed to achieve positive social and environmental impacts and outcomes.”

It’s encouraging to see the use of sustainable development bonds as collateral investments in the catastrophe bond market expanding further beyond just the World Bank, to private insurance sector cat bond sponsors.

The World Bank itself was the first to do so this, since when insurance giant Assicurazioni Generali S.p.A. developed its framework for Green insurance-linked securities (ILS) which saw the proceeds of one of its catastrophe bonds used to refinance a green asset in an effort to help avoid greenhouse gas emissions.

But, Tokio Marine is the first private insurance or reinsurance market sponsor of a catastrophe bond to use a puttable SOFR linked Sustainable Development Bond from the IBRD, which marks an efficient way to structure a cat bond with collateral that can be put to work in supporting sustainable or ESG driven goals.

As a reminder, Gallagher Securities, the insurance-linked securities (ILS) specialist arm of reinsurance broker Gallagher Re was the sole structuring agent for this new cat bond for Tokio Marine, so will have been instrumental in incorporating the sustainable development bond as permitted investments for the collateral, within the overall cat bond structure for this issuance.

You can read all about this new Kizuna Re III Pte. Ltd. (Series 2024-1) catastrophe bond transaction and every other Tokio Marine sponsored cat bond in our Artemis Deal Directory.

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An innovative parametric insurance product that provides protection to fund repairs following storm damage to coral reefs in Hawaii has been renewed and its coverage expanded, while global reinsurance firm Munich Re is again backing the cover, which is arranged by WTW.

Back in November 2022, WTW alongside The Nature Conservancy launched the parametric coral reef insurance concept in the United States for the first time with a policy focused on Hawaii. Munich Re underwrote the risk for that first Hawaiian coral reef parametric insurance arrangement.

The same parametric risk transfer product concept had already been utilised in Mexico and was then expanded to also cover the Mesoamerican Reef system.

As we reported earlier this month, broker WTW has now taken the coral reef insurance concept across the globe to cover a South pacific coral reef in the Fiji archipelago as well.

Now, the Hawaii instance of the product has been renewed, with expanded coverage and higher payouts available, so that it can make more impact on the reef and the communities that rely on it.

The new parametric coral reef insurance policy expands coverage around the main Hawaiian islands and increases payouts after qualifying storms, WTW explained.

The new Hawaiian policy adds 314,976 square miles to the coverage area so that it can capture more storm events, with a maximum payout of $2 million total over the year-long policy period and $1 million possible per storm.

At the same time, the minimum payout after the parametric trigger is activated has doubled to $200,000, enabling a more meaningful post-storm response.

Payouts can be triggered when tropical storm winds of 50 knots or greater occur in the core of the coverage area.

Once again, a Munich Re insurance entity was selected as the coverage provider from seven competitive bids.

WTW said that more companies bid on this year’s policy, which it noted shows “increasing interest among insurers in nature-based solutions to protect against climate impacts.”

“Parametric insurance is increasingly demonstrating value in addressing disaster risk for natural assets, in this case providing Hawai’i with a tangible solution to quickly finance post- storm restoration activities that help reefs better recover and maintain resilience in the face of increasing climate impacts,” explained Simon Young, Senior Director in WTW’s Disaster Risk Finance and Parametrics team. “Increasing recognition of this value by conservation organisations, government bodies and other stakeholders on the demand side and by insurers on the supply side is mainstreaming parametric protections, driving accessibility and sustainability.”

“We are building something really transformative for communities and ecosystems as we respond to increasing storm activity associated with the climate crisis,” added Ulalia Woodside Lee, Executive Director, The Nature Conservancy, Hawai‘i and Palmyra. “The first policy provided momentum to develop response plans and partnerships. With these now in place and an increased minimum payout, we will be able to start damage assessments and reef repairs after a storm as soon as it’s safe to get in the water. This is important because corals must be reattached within several weeks after breaking or they will likely die.”

René Mück, Munich Re’s Global Head of Natural Catastrophe Parametrics, also said ”Using parametric risk transfer as a means to contribute to TNC’s conservation objectives in Hawaii aligns exactly with the objectives of Munich Re’s parametric business unit. We are proud to support TNC in Hawaii and appreciate the work with WTW on such initiatives.”

The parametric coral reef insurance product has already demonstrated its utility, when Hurricane Lisa’s landfall in Belize on November 2nd 2022 triggered the Mesoamerican Reef system parametric insurance product.

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An innovative parametric insurance program has been taken across the globe to cover a South pacific coral reef in the Fiji archipelago, with broker WTW saying it will provide up to US $450,000 of cover for reef restoration and community assistance if cyclones hit.

The payout would go to Fiji’s island communities, if a cyclone hits the coral reef system of the South Pacific Ocean’s volcano-formed Lau Group of islands.

The Indigenous people of Lau depend on the reef ecosystem as a source of food and income, so protecting it using a parametric risk transfer insurance product that will pay out after a cyclone strikes which could damage the reef, can enable the community to recover faster and put funds into reef conservation, restoration and resilience.

Development insurer and risk pool the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Insurance Company (PCRIC) is the insurer for this South Pacific parametric reef insurance, winning the bid after what WTW called “a competitive placement process.”

WTW worked with local correspondent broker Insurance Holdings (Pacific) Pte Ltd. and Fiji’s Vatuvara Foundation (VVF), which is the policyholder of the parametric insurance programme.

As well as helping to protect and repair the reef in the event of a cyclone, the parametric insurance payouts can be used to support the community with assistance activities to help address food and water security concerns caused by storm damage.

The initial coverage is for Vatuvara Island, a protected natural reserve; Yacata, where the local community resides; and Kaibu, the Vatuvara Private Islands Resort, while further sites in the Lau Seascape may be covered in future years.

Broker WTW has successfully renewed a similar parametric coral reef insurance product for the Mesoamerican coral reef a number of times now, expanding it with each renewal.

Sarah Conway, Director and Ecosystem Resilience Lead, WTW, commented “We are grateful to BHP for supporting the design and implementation of the first coral reef insurance programme in Fiji. Building on lessons learned from our involvement with similar initiatives in other countries, this programme provides an exciting opportunity to innovate beyond rapid reef response to also include community assistance, enhancing the resilience of the ecosystem and those who depend on it.”

PCRIC CEO, Aholotu Palu, stated, “PCRIC is very pleased to demonstrate its commitment to serve non-sovereign entities with innovative parametric insurance products, in line with PCRIC’s mission to help the island communities of the Pacific to better prepare, structure and manage finances to foster disaster resilience and ensure rapid access to funds; the work of the Vatuvara Foundation, both in reef conservation and in local community empowerment, is recognised by the Government of Fiji as being in the national interest and consistent with development priorities, particularly the Blue Pacific Strategy, as well as commitments to climate change adaptation and disaster risk management.”

Katy Miller, Director, Vatuvara Foundation, added, “We are thankful that the innovative parametric policy will allow for the prompt access to funds following a destructive cyclone event to identify reef damage and assist reef recovery with a community-led team in Northern Lau. Increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events is expected in the area, and protecting natural ecosystems in the Lau Group is crucial to build long-term community resilience to anthropogenic threats including climate change.”

Ashley Preston, Head of Climate Resilience, BHP, also said, “BHP is funding an innovative parametric insurance product, which aims to support the conservation of coral reefs and surrounding local communities in Fiji’s northern Lau Group, and build the knowledge base for how similar financial products could be used to improve climate resilience. We are pleased to work with WTW and Vatuvara Foundation on this project, which supports BHP’s commitments to action on climate, conservation and empowering communities.”

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The Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) has laid out its plans for 2024, with Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Craig Swan highlighting specific opportunities in parametric risk transfer for climate insurance.

The 2024 business plan of Bermuda’s financial regulator contains a focus on “initiatives and projects to achieve positive outcomes and strengthen Bermuda’s regulatory framework for the upcoming year.”

Of relevance to the insurance, reinsurance and insurance-linked securities (ILS) community, the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) expects to continue to work on enhancing its regulatory and supervisory regimes to meet the evolving needs of financial service companies today.

There will be further work on the Insurance Code of Conduct, “to uphold the importance of financial transparency, consumer protection and education initiatives,” the BMA explains.

While an Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) model and a Sustainability Strategy are also key initiatives and here there are relevant items to look out for, for this industry.

BMA CEO Craig Swan said, “The Authority’s strategy is underpinned by deep expertise and cross-functional viewpoints designed to champion innovation. This plan’s many thoughtfully curated objectives will optimise excellence while simultaneously preparing the organisation to meet and address emerging challenges that impact the regulatory environment. In a continually fluctuating business climate, this approach enables the BMA to open new pathways for enhancing our abilities and innovative practices today and for many years to come.”

Swan also commented, “The pace of innovation is challenging organisations to remain agile and adapt how they work to meet the ebb and flow of their markets. From artificial intelligence and automation to decentralised finance and insurance-linked securities, the financial services industry has evolved markedly over the last few decades with increasingly transformative leaps forward each successive year.

“As firms confront issues such as inflationary pressures, relentless consumer demands, volatility in the commodity markets and extreme climate patterns, they are building systems to redefine and reimagine their future aspirations.”

The BMA intends to explore working with investment funds to “set up a new framework that facilitates the ability to designate certain Bermuda funds as ESG compliant,” Swan said.

This could be an interesting initiative for ILS managers, given there are plenty of ILS fund structures domiciled in Bermuda that could find an ESG framework appealing to look into.

The BMA also intends to prepare a consultation paper on a new climate risk disclosure framework for Bermuda commercial (re)insurers, Swan also explained.

But, perhaps most compelling in the current environment and in terms of opportunity, the BMA also intends to work in 2024 on “reviewing and, where applicable, updating other (re)insurance frameworks to better facilitate parametric climate-related insurance products.”

Bermuda has always considered itself as the world’s climate risk capital market and given the proliferation of catastrophe, weather and climate focused underwriting expertise in the islands insurers, reinsurers and of course ILS fund managers, there is clearly a wealth of experience and relevant knowledge, as well as ongoing business there.

If Bermuda can make its regulatory and supervisory regime even more relevant to underwriters of parametric climate risk insurance and reinsurance opportunities, while also finding ways to tap into the ILS market expertise on the island, the opportunity to attract and deploy climate risk capital out of the market there seems a worthwhile achievable goal.

The BMA has always followed a forward-thinking agenda and this year’s business plan again highlights the regulators’ ability to focus on emerging trends that can be drivers of future profit for Bermuda’s financial market and its participants.

Bermuda’s BMA aims to better facilitate parametric climate-related re/insurance was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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